Study Reveals PFAS in Reusable Feminine Hygiene Products Raises Health Concerns

Researchers at the University of Notre Dame have detected concerning levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), commonly referred to as 'forever chemicals', in various reusable feminine hygiene products. This revelation comes amidst growing scrutiny regarding the safety and environmental impacts of such products. The study, led by Graham Peaslee, a physicist at Notre Dame, was published on July 22, 2025, in the journal Environmental Science & Technology Letters.

PFAS are a group of synthetic chemicals known for their resistance to degradation, making them persistent environmental pollutants. They are associated with numerous health risks, including hormonal dysregulation and increased cancer risk. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), PFAS have been detected in the blood of over 99% of Americans, raising significant public health concerns.

The current research initiative began in 2019 when Peaslee was asked to examine menstrual underwear for PFAS presence. The initial findings led to a $5 million lawsuit against the period underwear brand Thinx. Following this, a more extensive investigation was prompted by the New York Times in 2023, which involved testing 44 different menstrual and incontinence products from various markets worldwide.

The results from Peaslee's team indicated that 71.2% of the tested products contained PFAS levels categorized as 'non-intentionally fluorinated'. However, period underwear and reusable pads exhibited higher rates of 'intentional fluorination', with 33% and 25% respectively. This suggests that some manufacturers may deliberately incorporate these harmful chemicals into their products.

Peaslee noted, "The reusable menstrual product market is rapidly growing, promoting itself as an environmentally conscious alternative. However, our findings indicate that almost one-third of these products contain PFAS, posing risks not only to the user but also to the environment upon disposal."

The study involved testing over 70 products, including period underwear, reusable pads, menstrual cups, and other incontinence items, using particle-induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) spectroscopy. This method allowed researchers to analyze each product's fluorine content, uncovering concerning levels of PFAS that could migrate from treated surfaces into users’ bodies, raising significant health concerns.

Alyssa Wicks, the lead author of the study, emphasized that while some brands included high PFAS concentrations, many did not, suggesting that it is possible to manufacture reusable feminine hygiene products without these harmful chemicals. "This is encouraging as it indicates that manufacturers can produce these products without relying on PFAS," Wicks stated.

Despite the alarming findings, the authors refrained from naming specific brands involved in the study. They aim to promote greater ingredient transparency within the industry, advocating for labeling requirements that can help consumers make informed choices. Currently, only a few U.S. states have enacted legislation addressing the intentional use of PFAS in consumer products.

In conclusion, the Notre Dame study highlights the need for increased regulation and consumer awareness regarding PFAS in reusable feminine hygiene products. As the demand for eco-friendly alternatives continues to rise, understanding the potential health impacts of these chemicals is essential for both consumer safety and environmental protection. Future research is necessary to fully understand the implications of PFAS exposure from these products and to encourage the development of safer alternatives in the market.