Study Links Early Exposure to PFHxA to Anxiety and Memory Issues

Recent research conducted by the Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience at the University of Rochester has unveiled concerning links between early exposure to perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), a type of 'forever chemical,' and behavioral changes in male mice. The study, published in the European Journal of Neuroscience on July 3, 2025, indicates that these chemicals, which are widely used in various consumer and industrial products, may have long-lasting effects on mental health and cognitive function.

PFHxA is part of a group of substances known as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which are characterized by their resistance to environmental degradation. Researchers found that male mice exposed to PFHxA during prenatal and early postnatal development exhibited increased anxiety-like behaviors and memory deficits. Ania Majewska, PhD, a professor of Neuroscience at the University of Rochester and senior author of the study, noted, "Although these effects were mild, finding behavioral effects only in males was reminiscent of many neurodevelopmental disorders that are male-biased."

The study highlights the vulnerability of the male brain to environmental insults during critical developmental periods. Previous research has shown that males are more frequently diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism and ADHD, suggesting that their neurological development may be more susceptible to chemical exposures.

The research methodology involved exposing pregnant mice to PFHxA through a mealworm treat, which was consumed during gestation and lactation. Upon reaching adulthood, male offspring demonstrated notable differences in behavior compared to females, who showed no significant changes. Elizabeth Plunk, PhD, an alumna of the Toxicology graduate program at the University of Rochester and the study's first author, expressed concern about the implications of these findings. She stated, "Finding that developmental exposure to PFHxA has long-term behavioral consequences is alarming, especially since short-chain PFAS were previously considered safer alternatives to legacy PFAS that have been phased out."

The study underscores the necessity for further research into short-chain PFAS and their neurotoxic effects. Majewska emphasized the importance of understanding the cellular and molecular effects of PFHxA, particularly in brain regions associated with motor, emotional, and memory functions.

Despite being categorized as a shorter-chain PFAS, PFHxA has been found to persist in aquatic environments, prompting regulatory actions in recent years. In 2024, the European Union instituted restrictions on its use, following earlier bans on longer-chain PFAS. Additionally, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) introduced a national drinking water standard for PFAS, aiming to mitigate exposure for millions of Americans.

PFAS, which possess unique properties that repel stains, oil, and water, have been detected in various ecosystems, including food and drinking water supplies. They are associated with a range of health issues, including developmental problems in infants and an increased risk of kidney cancer. This growing body of evidence regarding the dangers of PFAS exposure is prompting calls for stricter regulations and further investigation into their health impacts.

In conclusion, the findings regarding PFHxA's impact on anxiety and memory underscore the urgent need for ongoing research into the safety of PFAS, especially as regulations evolve and public awareness of these chemicals' risks grows. Understanding the long-term consequences of exposure during critical developmental windows is essential for informing public health policy and protecting future generations from potential neurotoxic risks.