Understanding Human Metapneumovirus: A Key Winter Respiratory Threat

As winter envelops Australia, respiratory illnesses are surging, with human metapneumovirus (hMPV) emerging as a notable contributor. This virus, which primarily affects young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals, is drawing increased attention from health officials. According to Dr. Lara Herrero, an Associate Professor and Research Leader in Virology and Infectious Disease at Griffith University, hMPV is often overshadowed by more prominent viruses such as COVID-19, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). However, its potential to cause significant respiratory issues warrants greater public awareness.

The World Health Organization (WHO) reported a concerning rise in hMPV cases globally, particularly in China, where hospitals experienced increased patient loads attributed to this virus. As stated in their January 2025 bulletin, the surge in hMPV cases aligns with seasonal trends typically observed during winter and spring (WHO, January 2025). In Australia, however, comprehensive data on hMPV infections is scarce due to the lack of mandatory reporting for this virus. This has made it challenging for health authorities to gauge the full impact of hMPV on public health.

Recent data from the Australian Sentinel Practice Research Network (ASPREN) indicates that, as of December 15, 2024, hMPV accounted for 7.8% of patients presenting with fever and cough symptoms, a statistic that highlights its growing prevalence. Furthermore, a more recent analysis up to June 1, 2025, revealed that hMPV constituted 4.2% of infections among individuals with flu-like symptoms, placing it behind RSV (7.7%), COVID-19 (10.9%), and influenza (19%) (ASPREN, June 2025).

Dr. Herrero emphasizes that hMPV is a cousin to RSV, sharing similar transmission methods, which include respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes, and contact with contaminated surfaces. While many individuals experience mild symptoms such as cough, fever, and nasal congestion, hMPV can lead to severe complications like bronchiolitis and pneumonia, especially in vulnerable populations.

Currently, no specific treatment or vaccine exists for hMPV, a void that researchers are looking to fill. Companies like Moderna and Pfizer are investigating vaccine candidates, yet these are still in development stages. Meanwhile, management of hMPV infections typically involves symptomatic relief—rest and medications such as paracetamol or ibuprofen for fever and pain (Dr. Herrero, Griffith University, June 2025).

Public health experts recommend maintaining rigorous hygiene practices to mitigate the spread of hMPV and other respiratory viruses. Effective measures include frequent handwashing, proper respiratory etiquette, staying home when ill, and cleaning commonly touched surfaces. In crowded indoor settings, wearing masks can provide additional protection during peak virus seasons.

As the winter season progresses, the public’s awareness and understanding of hMPV will be crucial in reducing its impact. Health authorities are urged to enhance surveillance and reporting mechanisms for hMPV to better inform the public and healthcare providers about this significant respiratory threat. The implications of hMPV extend beyond individual health, affecting community health and healthcare systems overall, necessitating a concerted effort to tackle this emerging virus.