Canada's Obesity Crisis: Recognizing Chronic Disease for Policy Change

Obesity in Canada has reached alarming levels, affecting one in four Canadians and costing the nation approximately CAD 27.6 billion annually, which constitutes nearly 8% of total health care spending. This crisis underscores the urgent need for a comprehensive national policy response. Despite being a known risk factor for over 200 chronic diseases, obesity itself is not recognized as a chronic disease in Canada, leading to fragmented public health efforts that are primarily managed by non-governmental organizations.

In March 2025, Alberta became the first province in Canada to officially recognize obesity as a chronic disease, a significant step aimed at reducing weight bias and improving access to necessary treatments. However, most provinces continue to view obesity primarily as a lifestyle issue, which limits access to comprehensive care. According to Dr. Muhammad Ilyas Nadeem, a doctoral candidate in Health and Exercise Science at Concordia University, “Recognizing obesity as a chronic disease is essential for unlocking funding and improving treatment access.”

The factors contributing to obesity are multifaceted, encompassing biological, environmental, and social dimensions. Research indicates that genetics and metabolism play critical roles in an individual's susceptibility to obesity. A study by Dr. Sylvia Santosa, Canada Research Chair in Clinical Nutrition at Concordia University, highlights how specific fat deposits can drive obesity-related diseases, suggesting that targeted interventions could potentially reduce hospitalizations.

Economically, the toll of untreated obesity is staggering. The cost of treating obesity-related conditions, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, adds an additional CAD 6 billion to health care expenditures. Furthermore, indirect costs related to lost productivity and premature mortality amount to approximately CAD 22 billion annually. This significant economic impact emphasizes the need for proactive measures to address obesity.

Public stigma surrounding obesity further complicates the issue. A national study indicated that 6.4% of adults reported experiencing discrimination in healthcare settings, disproportionately affecting those with class II or III obesity. Dr. Santosa notes that “the stigma associated with obesity can lead to adverse mental health outcomes, which in turn affects adherence to treatment.” This stigma is particularly pronounced among Indigenous and racialized communities, who face systemic barriers to care, including food insecurity and limited access to physical activity resources.

Several international models offer valuable lessons for Canada. Countries like France and Brazil have implemented successful obesity prevention strategies through strict regulations on food advertising and coordinated school meal programs, respectively. These examples illustrate the effectiveness of multisectoral policies aimed at promoting healthier lifestyles.

To combat the obesity crisis effectively, Canadian policymakers must adopt a coordinated, population-level strategy similar to those implemented for other chronic diseases like diabetes and dementia. Key steps include: 1. Recognizing obesity as a chronic disease across all provinces to enhance funding and reduce stigma. 2. Investing in research to address both biological and social factors contributing to obesity. 3. Tackling systemic inequities through public education campaigns and healthcare worker training to reduce stigma and promote supportive environments. 4. Strengthening the public healthcare system to improve access to primary care and expand drug coverage.

In conclusion, addressing obesity as a public health challenge rather than a personal failing is imperative for Canada’s future. By recognizing its complexity and implementing evidence-based policies, Canada can alleviate the health and economic burdens associated with obesity and pave the way for a healthier, more equitable society.

Muhammad Ilyas Nadeem, Sylvia Santosa, and Cristina Sanza, advocates for evidence-based policies, emphasize the urgency of this matter. As Canada navigates this crucial health crisis, the call for immediate action is louder than ever.