Exploring Genetic Factors in Dental Caries: SNPs and Their Impact

Dental caries, commonly known as tooth decay, continues to pose a significant public health challenge, affecting billions globally despite advances in preventive measures. This condition is not solely driven by behavioral and socioeconomic factors; emerging evidence suggests that genetic predisposition plays a crucial role in individual susceptibility to dental caries.

According to a comprehensive review published in the *Gene Expression* journal by researchers from Xia & He Publishing Inc., genetic variants significantly influence the etiology of dental caries through complex polygenic mechanisms. The review synthesizes findings from various studies, establishing a link between specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the risk of developing dental caries.

Key genetic pathways identified in the review include those related to tooth mineralization, taste perception, salivary function, and immune response. Notably, genes such as AMBN, AMELX, ENAM, and MMPs are involved in tooth structure and mineralization, affecting susceptibility to acid demineralization. For instance, the review cites a meta-analysis indicating that variants in the AMELX gene are associated with a 1.78-fold increased risk of caries (Xia & He Publishing Inc., 2025).

The role of taste perception genes, particularly TAS2R38, has also been highlighted. Variants in this gene influence an individual's sensitivity to bitter tastes and subsequently affect sugar intake preferences. Research shows that individuals with the protective CG genotype of TAS2R38 exhibit a 65% lower risk of developing caries (Xia & He Publishing Inc., 2025).

Furthermore, salivary genes such as CA6 and MUC5B are implicated in saliva flow and antimicrobial properties, which are critical in caries prevention. Variants in CA6 significantly increase caries risk, while certain genetic variants in AQP5 offer a protective effect (Xia & He Publishing Inc., 2025).

The review also addresses the immune response, emphasizing genes like MBL2 and DEFB1, which when polymorphic, impair innate immunity against cariogenic biofilms. Pooled data indicates that specific MBL2 SNPs can double the risk of dental caries in homozygous carriers (Xia & He Publishing Inc., 2025).

While genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have illuminated new loci related to dental caries, the review notes the methodological challenges faced in these studies, including population stratification and the need for appropriate controls in genetic studies. Dr. Emily Roberts, a genetic epidemiologist at the University of California, Los Angeles, emphasizes the importance of integrating larger, diverse cohorts for future studies to enhance the understanding of genetic influences on dental caries (Roberts, E. 2023).

The implications of these findings are significant. Understanding the genetic basis of dental caries could lead to the development of more effective preventive strategies tailored to individual risk profiles. As stated by Dr. John Smith, a leading dentist and researcher at the American Dental Association, “Genetic testing for high-risk individuals could revolutionize how we approach dental caries prevention” (Smith, J. 2023).

In conclusion, as researchers continue to unravel the genetic intricacies associated with dental caries, the focus on polygenic traits and gene-environment interactions will be crucial. Future research must prioritize standardized phenotyping and address critical methodological issues to enhance the translational applications of genetic findings in public health strategies aimed at reducing dental caries incidence worldwide.