New Study Reveals Hundreds of Previously Unknown Giant Viruses in Oceans

In a groundbreaking study published in the journal *Nature npj Viruses* on June 16, 2025, scientists have discovered hundreds of previously unidentified giant viruses lurking in oceans worldwide. Conducted by marine biologist Dr. Benjamin Minch and virologist Dr. Mohammad Moniruzzaman from the University of Miami, the research utilized advanced computational techniques to analyze seawater samples, leading to the identification of 230 new giant viruses, a significant contribution to our understanding of marine ecosystems.

The research highlights the critical role these giant viruses play in oceanic life, particularly concerning marine protists, which include essential organisms such as algae and amoebas. Dr. Moniruzzaman emphasized the importance of this discovery, stating, "By better understanding the diversity and role of giant viruses in the ocean and how they interact with algae and other ocean microbes, we can predict and possibly manage harmful algal blooms, which are human health hazards in Florida as well as all over the world."

Recent advancements in genome databases and analytical tools have significantly expedited the discovery process for giant viruses, allowing for a more comprehensive exploration of their behaviors and interactions with marine life. These viruses can impact phytoplankton populations, which are vital for producing a substantial portion of Earth's oxygen and maintaining marine food chains. According to Dr. Minch, "We discovered that giant viruses possess genes involved in cellular functions such as carbon metabolism and photosynthesis – traditionally found only in cellular organisms. This suggests that giant viruses play an outsized role in manipulating their host's metabolism during infection and influencing marine biogeochemistry."

In addition to the discovery of new viruses, the study also identified 569 new functional proteins, including nine that are involved in photosynthesis. The researchers classified the new viruses into two existing orders: Imitervirales, which are genetically complex, and Algavirales, which employ different infection strategies. This classification enhances the understanding of viral diversity and the ecological roles these organisms play.

The implications of this research extend beyond mere classification. The study's framework could potentially improve existing methodologies for detecting novel viruses, which may aid in monitoring pollution and pathogens in marine environments. As Dr. Minch noted, "This study allowed us to create a framework to improve existing tools for detecting novel viruses that could aid in our ability to monitor pollution and pathogens in our waterways."

Overall, the findings underscore that the oceans remain largely unexplored realms, rich with biodiversity yet to be documented. The study not only sheds light on the intricate relationships between viruses and marine life but also opens avenues for future research that could enhance the understanding of ocean health and ecological balance. The researchers advocate for continued exploration, stating that enormous numbers of viruses await discovery, each potentially holding keys to understanding the complexities of ocean ecosystems.