India's 15th-Century Inscription Reveals Early Reference to Halley’s Comet

A recent archaeological discovery in Srisailam, Andhra Pradesh, has unveiled a remarkable 15th-century copper plate inscription that contains the earliest known reference to Halley’s Comet in Indian epigraphy. This significant finding, made public on June 22, 2025, is a part of a larger collection of historical inscriptions that document ancient India's awareness of astronomical phenomena and the cultural interpretations of celestial events, particularly comets, which were often perceived as ominous signs.

Dated to 1456 CE (corresponding to Śaka 1378, Āshāḍha ba.11, Monday) during the reign of Vijayanagara king Mallikārjuna, the inscription is inscribed in both Sanskrit and Nāgari script. It records a royal edict issued to Liṁgaṇārya, a Vedic scholar from present-day Kadapa district, in response to the comet's appearance and an associated meteor shower. The inscription describes the event using phrases like 'Dhūmakētu mahōtpāta' (great calamity caused by a comet) and 'Prakāśyāya mahōtpāta śāntyartham' (to pacify the calamities from the blazing comet).

K. Munirathnam, Director of Epigraphy at the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), highlighted the significance of this inscription, noting, "The copper plate reveals the kind of furore the comet’s sighting caused in India. The kings and scholars were panicked, viewing it as an ill omen. King Mallikarjuna ordered several rites and Homas to prevent any negative effects on his kingdom." He described the discovery as a "bombshell" that not only holds astronomical relevance but also provides rare cultural insights into how celestial events were intertwined with the governance and spiritual life of medieval India.

This inscription aligns with similar historical accounts from other cultures. For instance, there are corroborative references from ancient Egypt and China regarding the appearance of Halley’s Comet. Munirathnam pointed out that a Sanskrit scholar in Kashmir also recorded the comet's sighting as a premonition of the downfall of local rulers. Such global reactions to the comet's appearances underscore a common theme of fear and superstition tied to celestial phenomena during that era.

Halley’s Comet, known for its bright tail and predictable return every 72 to 80 years, has been observed by various civilizations throughout history. The comet's last perihelion occurred in 1986, with its next expected appearance in 2061. The recent discovery in Srisailam not only highlights the historical significance of Halley’s Comet but also reflects the complex relationship ancient societies had with celestial events. As Munirathnam noted, this inscription encapsulates a moment in time when the sight of a comet could invoke widespread panic and prompt significant royal actions in the face of perceived calamity.

The implications of this discovery extend beyond mere historical interest; they invite discussions on how ancient societies interpreted natural phenomena and the ways in which these interpretations influenced governance and social order. Future studies may further illuminate the cultural narratives surrounding Halley’s Comet, potentially offering insights into the broader historical context of astronomical observations in India and their socio-political ramifications.

In conclusion, this copper plate inscription not only enriches India's epigraphical heritage but also serves as a reminder of the enduring human fascination with the cosmos and the myriad ways in which it has influenced civilization throughout history.