New Study Links Deep Earth Structures to Historical Volcanic Eruptions

A groundbreaking study published on July 10, 2025, in *Communications Earth and Environment* has unveiled significant connections between colossal volcanic eruptions and unique underground structures known as Big LOwer-mantle Basal Structures (BLOBS), located approximately 2,500 kilometers beneath the Earth's surface. This research, spearheaded by a team of geophysicists and statistical scientists from the University of Wollongong (UOW), provides new insights into the dynamics of Earth's interior and its implications for both geological history and mineral exploration.

The study’s lead author, PhD candidate Annalise Cucchiaro, alongside Associate Professor Nicolas Flament and Distinguished Professor Noel Cressie, emphasizes that understanding the interaction between these mobile BLOBS and volcanic eruptions is crucial for grasping the Earth's evolutionary processes. Cucchiaro noted, "Researching the relationships between volcanic eruptions at the surface with such large-scale dynamic processes occurring 2500 km below our feet puts into perspective how interconnected our planet really is."

Colossal eruptions, such as those that potentially contributed to the extinction of the dinosaurs over 65 million years ago, are believed to originate from mantle plumes—massive, slow-moving columns of hot rock that rise from deep within the Earth. These plumes are thought to act as 'magma highways' to the surface, with their sources being the aforementioned BLOBS. The recent findings suggest that these structures are not stationary, but rather exhibit movement over geological time scales, which has long been a topic of debate among scientists.

According to Associate Professor Flament, "This research cracks open one of the questions that has long plagued scientists—are the BLOBS stationary or mobile, and how do they relate to giant volcanic explosions?" By reconstructing mantle convection patterns from one billion years ago, the study indicates that volcanic eruptions typically occur directly above or near these moving BLOBS, with the mantle plume tilting as it ascends. This discovery aligns with previous studies that have identified volcanic hotspots, such as Hawaii, as being situated above regions associated with BLOBS.

The implications of this research extend beyond understanding historical volcanic activity. The knowledge of these deep Earth structures can aid in predicting future eruptions and help in the exploration of valuable minerals brought closer to the surface during such explosive events. Flament added, "Giant volcanic eruptions have dramatic impacts upon life on Earth. They can wipe out life, like the dinosaurs, but also form rock formations that contain important minerals."

The study provides a framework for future research aimed at investigating the chemical nature of BLOBS and their associated plume conduits, which could further elucidate the relationship between deep Earth dynamics and surface geological phenomena. The authors emphasize the importance of continuing this line of inquiry, particularly given the potential for new mineral discoveries that can play a crucial role in the transition to a low-carbon economy.

This research not only enhances the scientific community's understanding of Earth's geological history but also underscores the interconnectedness of Earth's systems. As the global community seeks to navigate the challenges of climate change and resource scarcity, insights gained from this study may serve as a vital resource for policymakers and industry leaders alike, guiding efforts in sustainable mineral resource management and disaster preparedness in the face of volcanic activity.