EU's Complicated Relationship with Azerbaijan Amid Gas Supply Concerns

In a complex geopolitical landscape, the European Union (EU) faces scrutiny for its approach towards Azerbaijan, particularly amidst growing concerns over human rights violations under President Ilham Aliyev's regime. Since Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the EU has increasingly viewed Azerbaijan as a crucial partner in diversifying its energy sources and reducing dependency on Russian gas. This shift has raised alarms among human rights advocates who accuse the EU of prioritizing energy security over democratic principles and human rights.

The recent sentencing of Bahruz Samadov, a 30-year-old peace activist, to 15 years in prison for alleged treason has intensified criticisms directed at the EU. Friends of Samadov express their disillusionment, asserting that the EU's silence on Azerbaijan's crackdowns on dissent embodies a troubling complicity. According to Eldar Mamedov, a former Latvian diplomat and foreign policy adviser, the EU’s energy strategy has effectively granted Aliyev "a free hand" regarding human rights abuses. "Since Russia's aggression in Ukraine, the issue of human rights in Azerbaijan has virtually disappeared from the agenda," Mamedov stated.

The EU’s dependency on Azerbaijani gas remains modest, accounting for approximately 4.3% of its natural gas imports. However, this figure swells for specific member states; for instance, Bulgaria relies on Azerbaijan for up to 40% of its gas imports, while Italy and Greece depend on it for 15%. This dependency complicates the EU’s diplomatic stance, as it navigates the delicate balance between energy needs and the promotion of democratic values.

Despite the criticism, EU officials maintain that they have consistently raised concerns about Azerbaijan's human rights record. A spokesperson for the EU stated, "[The EU] is concerned by the shrinking civic space in [Azerbaijan]" and emphasized the importance of dialogue regarding human rights issues. However, the EU's foreign policy chief, Kaja Kallas, has faced backlash for her remarks during a visit to Baku, where she highlighted the "great potential" for EU-Azerbaijan relations amid reports of widespread journalist detentions.

Critics argue that the EU’s engagement with Azerbaijan has overshadowed serious human rights violations. Aliyev has defended his government’s actions by claiming the need to protect the media landscape from foreign influences and has accused international organizations of bias. The presence of the United Nations and other international bodies in Azerbaijan has been increasingly challenged, with several offices ordered to close.

Analysts observe that Azerbaijan's strategic position is further heightened by its support for Ukraine amid the ongoing conflict with Russia. Although Baku has not imposed sanctions on Moscow, it has provided humanitarian assistance to Ukraine and positioned itself as a regional ally against Russian aggression. This dual approach has allowed Aliyev to navigate relationships with both the West and Russia, presenting Azerbaijan as a pivotal player in the energy sector while maintaining a critical stance against Kremlin policies.

As the EU continues to seek diversified energy sources to mitigate reliance on Russia, the implications of its relationship with Azerbaijan remain complex. While energy security is paramount, the ongoing human rights abuses raise ethical questions about the EU's diplomatic strategies. Moving forward, the EU must balance its energy needs with its commitments to human rights, ensuring that its partnerships do not come at the expense of democratic values.

In conclusion, the EU's engagement with Azerbaijan illustrates the intricate dynamics of energy politics, human rights, and international relations. The challenges faced by the EU in addressing these issues will likely shape its foreign policy in the region, as it seeks to foster a relationship that aligns with both its energy goals and its commitment to human rights.